Energy Solutions Ashrae Standard Definitions

IPMVP
The International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol provides a “framework to determine energy and water savings resulting from the implementation of an energy efficiency program.”   (MVP) provides an overview of current best practice techniques available for verifying results of energy efficiency, water efficiency, and renewable energy projects. It may also be used by facility operators to assess and improve facility performance.  Energy conservation measures (ECMs2) include fuel saving measures, water efficiency measures, load shifting and energy reductions through installation or retrofit of equipment, and/or modification of operating procedures.
•    Savings Measurement
•    Measurement Options    
•    The Measurement & Verifications Plan
•    Third Party Verification
•    Valuation of units of utility resource savings
The IPMVP is not intended to prescribe contractual terms between buyers and sellers of efficiency services, although it provides guidance on some of these issues. Once other contractual issues are decided, this document can help in the selection of the measurement & verification (M&V) approach that best matches: i) project costs and savings magnitude, ii) technology-specific requirements, and iii) risk allocation between buyer and seller, i.e., which party is responsible for installed equipment performance and which party is responsible for achieving long term energy savings.


FEMP
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) was established, in part, to reduce energy costs to the U.S. Government from operating Federal facilities. FEMP assists Federal energy managers by identifying and procuring energy-saving projects.  The FEMP M&V Guideline follow the IPMVP, and provides guidance and methods for measuring and verifying the energy and cost savings associated with federal agency performance contracts. It is intended for federal energy managers, federal procurement officers, and contractors implementing performance contracts at federal facilities. Assistance is provided on choosing M&V methods that provide an appropriate level of accuracy for protection of the project investment. The FEMP M&V Guideline has two primary uses:
•    It serves as a reference document for specifying M&V methods and procedures in delivery orders, requests for proposals (RFPs), and  performance contracts.
•    It is a resource for those developing project-specific M&V plans for federal performance contracting projects.


ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 14-2002
A need for a standard set of energy (and demand) savings calculation procedures, ASHRAE 14-2002 is intended to be a guideline that provides a minimum acceptable level of performance in the measurements of energy of energy and demand savings from energy management projects applied to residential, commercial or industrial buildings.   Such measurements can serve as the basis for commercial transactions between Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) and their customers, or other energy conservation providers that rely on energy savings as the basis for repayment of the costs of the retrofit.    In many buildings, the calculation of energy savings or demand savings from energy conservation measures (ECMs) can be performed by comparing measurements of energy used and/or demand from before and after implementation of the retrofit.
The basic measurement method in ASHRAE 14-2002 is the “Whole Building Approach”.   The Whole Building Approach, which has also been called the Main Meter Approach, includes procedures that verify the performance of the retrofit for those projects where whole-building, pre-retrofit and post-retrofit data are available to determine the savings.    In some projects this may include consumption and demand values that are taken from sub-meters, where those meters represent a significant portion of the building or group of subsystems in the building that are being retrofitted.   Whole Building Approach is appropriate when total building performance is being calculated, versus the performance of a specific retrofit.    Two compliance paths were created for the Whole Building Approach, which include a prescriptive path and a performance path.

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004
Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, provides a simple method of compliance for commonly-designed space types, a calculation method that applies to a broader range of space types, and a new adaptive method for naturally ventilated spaces in certain climate areas.
The standard specifies the combinations of indoor thermal environmental factors and personal factors that will produce thermal environmental conditions acceptable to a majority of the occupants within the space.    Environmental factors include temperature, thermal radiation, humidity and air speed, while personal factors are activity and clothing.   The standard specifies the normal indoor thermal environmental would include the heating minimum and maximum temperatures to range from 68F to 72F with a relative indoor humidity of 35% to 45%.    The normal indoor thermal environmental would also include the cooling minimum and maximum temperatures to range from 72F to 76F with a relative indoor humidity of 55% to 65%.   

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-2004
The Standard 62-2004, includes the necessary Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), required for healthy indoor air for the occupants.   This measure is to insure the indoor air quality to keep a maximum Co2 level of 1000 ppm at any occupied time.    Outdoor air ventilation is the source to maintain the dilution of Co2 required by this standard.   This standard has been modified from the original 15 cfm per person in the occupied space down to 7 cfm per person.    Additional measures include the monitoring of Co2 levels accurately to reduce the outdoor air ventilation even further.    

The atmospheric air contains about 300 ppm (0.03%) of CO2 (and upto 600 ppm).  
A medium sized person with normal health produces about 0.0116cfm of CO2

If we have to limit the indoor concentration below 1000 ppm (or 0.1%),

The fresh air requirement is 0.0116*100/(0.1-0.03) = 16.57 cfm/person

For healthy adults, the threshold limit for 8hrs is 5000 ppm. In this case, the fresh air rate may be 2.5 cfm/person. This calculates the reason for low fresh air rates given in the standard.

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2007
Standard 90.2-2007, developed jointly by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), and adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), is an update to building construction standards which cover all aspects of a building as it relates to energy, including insulation and lighting, as well as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and controls.    This includes the minimum SEER and EER ratings for air conditioning manufactures.     
Although this standard does not require existing commercial buildings to comply, in ECM projects this approach to upgrade low efficient mechanical and lighting equipment has proven very beneficial for saving energy.   ECM projects that replace lower efficient equipment with high efficient equipment magnify the customers overall savings and dollars saved.
Equipment included in this category would be:
•    High AFUE gas heating equipment such as Boilers, Rooftop Units and Furnaces
•    High SEER and EER rated Air Conditioning equipment such as Chillers, Rooftop Units, Condensing Units and Dehumidifiers
•    High energy efficient motors for Ahu’s, fans and pumps
•    Variable Frequency Drives for motors that operate Ahu’s, fans and pumps
•    ERV devices installed in AHU’s for recovery of conditioned indoor exhausted air from buildings
•    Lighting fixtures to reduce energy consumption while maintaining illumines levels
•    Energy Management Controls to manage all aspects of the buildings M&V project goals.